30th Anniversary

The Tiananmen Massacre Is One of China's Most Censored Topics. Here's a Look at What Gets Banned

BY AMY GUNIA / HONG KONG

More than 1,000 posts related to the Tiananmen Square Massacre that were removed from the Internet by Chinese censors were made public on Monday.
The database contains images of 1,056 posts that were deleted from Sina Weibo, a popular micro-blogging site with more than 400 million users, between 2012 and 2018. 

Researchers at the University of Hong Kong collected the posts as part of a project called Weiboscope, which tracks censorship on several Chinese social media networks.
“Over the years we found Chinese netizens consistently continued to post about the Tiananmen Square crackdown in early June,” Dr. King-wa Fu, an associate professor at the University of Hong Kong, who leads the project, told TIME.
Nearly thirty years after the crackdown on student-led pro-democracy protesters in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, it remains one of the most censored topics on the Chinese Internet. 

China’s censorship apparatus, dubbed the Great Firewall, and a army of censors thought to be in the millions, block all mentions of the event. 

Related words and topics are also banned, and authorities have even blocked references to the date — June 4, 1989 — that Chinese tanks rolled into Beijing’s Tiananmen Squares and left what is believed to be thousands of protesters dead.
But Hong Kong, a semi-autonomous Chinese enclave, lies outside the Firewall, and researchers here were able to archive many posts before they were deleted.
Here’s a look at the photos the Chinese government does not want its people to see or share.

Re-enactments of the iconic ‘tank man’ photo
A photo of an anonymous man facing off to a row of tanks entering Tiananmen Square is one of the most well-known photos of event. 

Authorities block any posts that look similar to that photo — even of a swan facing a semi-truck.

Hu Yaobang tributes
Protests in Tiananmen Square started in April 1989 when students gathered to mourn the death of Hu Yaobang — a former Communist Party General Secretary, who was popular with students for his ideas about political and economic reform but was forced to resign by the government. 

Tributes to Hu, who protesters called “The Soul of China” have been widely censored.

Mentions of commemoration ceremonies
Each year in Hong Kong, tens of thousands of people gather to hold a candlelight vigil in remembrance of the event. 

Photos of the ceremony have been widely censored, and even simple photos of candles posted around the date of the event are removed.


Any references to the date on which the massacre occurred
An image of a set of playing cards displaying what could be seen as the year, month and date of the event, and a screenshot of a calendar, attracted the attention of censors.

Other images can be seen on the project’s Instagram account, Pinterest and website. 

“I want the public to understand the extent [to which] people are trying to post, about what kind of message they want to send out,” said Fu.

Rogue Nation, Rogue App

University of Toronto researchers uncover extent of WeChat and China’s censorship on 709 crackdown
By NATHAN VANDERKLIPPE -- BEIJING

Even as it was arresting, torturing and imprisoning human-rights lawyers, the Chinese government blocked discussion of its actions on local social media, including images distributed by those drawing attention to what had taken place.
Researchers at the University of Toronto’s Citizen Lab discovered that WeChat, China’s digital-communication lifeblood, has censored 42 combinations of terms related to the “709 crackdown,” so called because it began on July 9, 2015.
The research underscores how Chinese authorities assert broad control over information inside the country, eliminating unfavourable information.
Nearly 250 lawyers and activists have been questioned, detained and arrested since 2015. 

Several have provided what foreign governments, including Canada, have called credible details of torture. 

Twelve of their names are included among the blocked terms.
The digital redactions illuminate how Chinese censorship is “reactive to news events. And compared with other events or categories of censored keywords, the 709 crackdown is one of those censored on a higher frequency,” said Lotus Ruan, a research fellow at Citizen Lab.

Inside China, information on the lawyers “has been sanitized or harmonized, so a lot of information is officially-approved information.”
And in what the researchers called a new revelation, China’s sophisticated censorship tools have expanded to include the ability to peer at digital photographs and delete those deemed sensitive. 

The blocking even extends to altered images.
“This finding is the first documentation of image filtering on the app,” the researchers wrote in a report titled We (can’t) Chat. 

It “reveals the high level and extent of censorship enforced on this popular chat app.”
Those images included pictures of people holding signs with the slogan “Oppose Torture. Pay attention to Xie Yang” – one of the arrested lawyers who provided chilling details of his interrogation. 

Mr. Xie told his lawyers he was punched, kicked and kneed by interrogators who left him temporarily crippled and at one point threatened: “I’m going to torment you until you go insane.”
Chinese suppression of speech goes beyond eliminating those details from its domestic Internet. 

On March 28, lawyer Chen Jiangang, who has represented Mr. Xie, also received a message that his WeChat account had been permanently cancelled.
Mr. Chen so commonly experiences chat censorship that he said “it’s no longer strange at all.” 

But for others, it can cause fear, he said, by driving home the feeling that they are being “monitored or taken noticed of by the security police.”
That’s not idle speculation; new regulations issued last year specify that prosecutors and police have the right to collect social-media comments as “electronic data.”
Often, however, censorship on platforms such as WeChat is done invisibly, meaning a sender doesn’t know that a blocked message has not reached its recipient. 

Message blocking is primarily directed at users with accounts registered to mainland China phone numbers. 

Messages and images are more commonly expunged in group chats than individual conversations.
Images are also censored from WeChat Moments, which functions somewhat similar to a Facebook news feed. 

“Higher attention is being paid to group chat and Moments,” Ms. Ruan said.
Searches related to the crackdown on lawyers were censored, too, on Sina Weibo, a Twitter-like service, where 60 keyword combinations were blocked.
Stripped of other sources of information, users of the local Chinese Internet are left with only the government narrative.
On Baidu, the primary search engine in a country that blocks access to Google, the top result for “709 case” points to a July 7, 2016, editorial in the nationalist tabloid newspaper, Global Times, which argued that it was a greater violation of law for foreign countries to attack Chinese human rights, than for China to arrest those it deems subversive.
Chinese authorities say that the lawyers received fair legal treatment, while local propaganda films have called defenders of human rights “agents of Western powers.”
Local censorship of the lawyers crackdown extended to critical statements posted by Western countries decrying Chinese actions, which Web users were unable to repost.
The Citizen Lab researchers said their work “highlights the challenges faced by individuals, NGOs, and the international community in conducting advocacy work related to the ‘709 Crackdown,’ as well as many other politically sensitive cases in China.”